Interethnic Interaction, Exchange, and Integration: A Layered Study of the Erlang Shen Image in Guanxian

Abstract

The legend of Erlang Shen has been widely circulated in the southwest region of China, with Guanxian Ancient Town being one of the important birthplaces of his worship. In the local Erwang Temple, Han, Zang, Qiang, and other ethnic believers have worshipped together for generations. This phenomenon of a multi-ethnic shared belief is worthy of in-depth exploration. This article examines how symbols such as the Three Eyes and the Howling Dog in the image of Erlang Shen are spread and reinterpreted among different ethnic groups through field investigations and literature review, and how the evolution of these images promotes ethnic integration. The study finds that the third eye carries Han "heavenly eye" concepts, Di-Qiang vertical eye" traditions and Zang protector deity beliefs simultaneously, while the dog and trident blade also hold plural meanings. The diverse interpretations of these symbols have not led to conflicts but have instead enabled the ethnic groups to forge an identity of "unity in diversity" through joint worship. The case of the ancient town of Guanxian demonstrates that the formation of the Chinese nation as a community is not about eliminating differences but about finding common ground amidst them, offering a concrete reference for understanding the historical path of ethnic interaction in Southwest China.